Django community: Django Q&A RSS
This page, updated regularly, aggregates Django Q&A from the Django community.
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Django field look up __date is not returning objects
Why field lookup __date and __month are not returning any objects? class MembershipPlanSubscription(TimeStampBaseModel): user = models.ForeignKey(to=User, on_delete=models.CASCADE) start_date = models.DateTimeField() end_date = models.DateTimeField() In [3]: objects = MembershipPlanSubscription.objects.all() In [4]: for object in objects: ...: print(object.end_date) ...: 2024-01-22 13:59:17.110148+00:00 2024-01-22 14:15:11.589769+00:00 2024-12-22 14:18:38.624196+00:00 2024-01-22 14:26:10.841796+00:00 2024-01-22 16:36:57.632614+00:00 2024-01-22 19:07:11.450086+00:00 2024-12-24 05:14:35.206241+00:00 2024-03-29 10:33:52.058009+00:00 2024-03-29 10:34:03.927215+00:00 2024-04-04 02:44:18.295650+00:00 2024-02-06 21:03:26.650677+00:00 2024-02-07 14:32:00.987613+00:00 2024-02-08 04:54:32.838352+00:00 2024-04-17 20:49:07.252812+00:00 2024-04-21 14:17:38.210087+00:00 2024-04-26 05:10:26.413481+00:00 2025-01-28 11:01:15.567712+00:00 2024-03-03 20:51:27.211525+00:00 2024-03-04 17:54:18.230713+00:00 2024-03-05 05:42:49.367263+00:00 2024-03-06 16:58:31.119124+00:00 2025-02-07 15:13:42.036329+00:00 2024-03-08 15:00:09.944520+00:00 2024-03-09 21:22:32.184259+00:00 2024-05-09 23:49:42.019238+00:00 2024-03-11 15:49:48.272387+00:00 In [5]: MembershipPlanSubscription.objects.filter(end_date__date = '2024-01-22') Out[5]: <QuerySet []> In [6]: MembershipPlanSubscription.objects.filter(end_date__date = datetime.date(2024, 1, 22)) Out[6]: <QuerySet []> In [8]: MembershipPlanSubscription.objects.filter(end_date__year='2024') Out[8]: <QuerySet [<MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (5)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (6)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (7)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (8)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (10)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (11)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (12)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (13)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (14)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (15)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (16)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (17)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (18)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (19)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (20)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (21)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (23)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (24)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (25)>, <MembershipPlanSubscription: MembershipPlanSubscription object (26)>, '...(remaining elements truncated)...']> In [9]: MembershipPlanSubscription.objects.filter(end_date__month='02') Out[9]: <QuerySet … -
CSRF Verification Failing
For my register and login views, I get this error CSRF verification failed. Request aborted. You are seeing this message because this site requires a CSRF cookie when submitting forms. This cookie is required for security reasons, to ensure that your browser is not being hijacked by third parties. If you have configured your browser to disable cookies, please re-enable them, at least for this site, or for “same-origin” requests. when I try accessing the endpoints. I can avoid this by adding a csrf_exempt decorator, but I'm worried about the security implications behind making a POST request csrf-exempt. My register endpoint specifically will write a verification code to my database (which the user has to enter to verify their email). Is there any way around this? I'm confused since to get a csrf token, I have to first call login(), but how can I access the login endpoint without a csrf token? -
Relationship serialiser Django rest framework
my serializers: class ProductVariantSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): value = serializers.CharField(source="option.name", read_only=True) class Meta: model = ProductVariant fields = ['id', 'value', 'price',] class ProductSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): variants = ProductVariantSerializer(source="product", many=True, read_only=True) class Meta: model = Product fields = "__all__" my result: enter image description here -
virtual environment name problem in django
I wanted to start Virtual environment again after closing it before but by mistake i wrote my project name(the projectname which we create in django after installing django with using django-admin startproject) instead of virtual environment name that i've created. I wrote this - py -m venv schoolMS and Was expecting this - py -m venv myschool and now terminal showing error - Error: [Errno 13] Permission denied: 'C:\Users\DELL\Desktop\My Study\Sem 6\Project\myschool\Scripts\python.exe' like this how can i solve the problem? -
Django pgtrigger class meta giving nameerror
NameError: name 'triggers' is not defined. Did you mean: 'pgtrigger'? hi , i am trying to implement postgress trigger in django for that i am using django-pgtrigger i am learning to implement it from the following doc https://django-pgtrigger.readthedocs.io/en/4.9.0/#quick-start but i am facing problem using the quickstart code my code from django.db import models import pgtrigger # Make sure you import the necessary module class ProtectedModel(models.Model): """Active object cannot be deleted!""" is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True) class Meta: triggers = [ pgtrigger.Protect( name='protect_deletes', operation=pgtrigger.Delete, condition=pgtrigger.Q(old__is_active=True) ) ] problem: NameError: name 'triggers' is not defined. Did you mean: 'pgtrigger'? can anyone help me to fix it ? ps. i am looking an easy way to implement database log functionality using trigger , if there any better way than this than please suggest , ty -
Django wrong environ TZ variable
i notice an issue, that environ.get('TZ') in django is different than system env TZ. In django it is always "America/Chicago", but if i try printenv TZ directly on server, or use python import os environ.get('TZ') it is different, correct, my env TZ that I expect to see in django. In django print all envs are same as system, except TZ. I misunderstand this =\ -
DisallowedHost at / Error: Invalid HTTP_HOST header: 'domain.com,domain.com' - How to Resolve?
I'm encountering an issue with my web application where I receive the following error message: "Invalid HTTP_HOST header: 'domain.com,domain.com'. The domain name provided is not valid according to RFC 1034/1035." This error occurs when I try to check the URL. I'm using Django for my web application. The server is running Ubuntu 22.04 with nginx as the web server and hosting is being managed using Gunicorn. I've already checked the domain configuration, and it seems to be correctly set up. However, I'm unsure why I'm getting this error and how to resolve it. Could someone please provide guidance on what might be causing this error and how to fix it? Any insights or suggestions would be greatly appreciated. -
error when connect to singlestore through django
I want to connect to singlestore through django with the following config: DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'mysql.connector.django', 'HOST': 'HOST', 'NAME': 'NAME', 'USER': 'root', 'PASSWORD' : '********', 'PORT': '3306', 'OPTIONS': { 'charset': 'utf8mb4', } } but I get this error: django.db.utils.DatabaseError: (1193, "1193 (HY000): Unknown system variable 'default_storage_engine'", 'HY000') django version is 4.7.2 and singlestore 6.8 what can I do? -
How to measure decibel value from a website?
I developed a website for conducting pure tone audiometry, which features frequencies at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000Hz played separately in each ear. It includes a volume slider ranging from 0dB to 120dB. Users are prompted to click "next" when they can barely detect the tone, with the corresponding decibel value being saved upon clicking. My challenge lies in verifying the accuracy of the decibel values. How can I ensure that 5dB is indeed 5dB and 10dB is accurately represented? I am using Web Audio API. sample website I've heard about using an oscilloscope or spectrum analyzer for this purpose, but I wonder if there's software or a library available to assist with programming this feature. I purchased an inexpensive sound level meter and experimented with apps like Decibel X. However, accurate testing demands a soundproof environment, and the meter only detects a minimum of 30dB. Should we consider using an existing audiometer device to compare its "decibel" readings with those of our website? If so, what would be the approach? let audioContext; let oscillator; let gainNode; let isPlaying = false; let currentFrequencyIndex = 0; let frequencies = [500, 1000, 2000, 4000]; let currentEar = 'Left'; let frequencyDecibelData = []; … -
How can I stream rtsp (live video) in django app?
I tried to use StreamingHttpResponse in Django app for live rtsp streaming [https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.1/ref/request-response/#streaminghttpresponse-objects]. But du to documentation it's not correct. Does anyone have other solutions for this task? return StreamingHttpResponse(gen(cam), content_type="multipart/x-mixed-replace;boundary=frame")``` A new way to solve this problem? -
Python: Get multiple columns from database by filter
I want to get multiple columns from File table by filtering it by login_info. For example it will return 2 objects, but how can I handle it without this error get() returned more than one ParentMystudent -- it returned 2! views.py mystudent = ParentMystudent.objects.get(parent=request.session['login_info'].get('id')) query = File.objects.get(studentid=mystudent.mystudent_id) if query: for obj in query: student = Student.objects.get(registerid=obj.studentid_id) obj.student = student return render(request, 'file.html', {'query': query}) file.html {% for obj in query %} {% if obj in query.all %} <tr> <td><a href="#" class="fw-bold"></a>{{ forloop.counter }}</td> <td>{{ obj.soano }}</td> <td>{{ obj.student.lrn }}</td> <td><span src="{{ obj.file.url }}" target="_blank">{{ obj.student.lastname }}</span></td> </tr> {% endif %} {% endfor %} -
Django Switching sqlite3 to Postgres - User Unique Constraint Error
Was following this answer to switch my project database from sqlite3 to PostgreSQL, and encountered error when executing python manage.py loaddata datadump.json, my json file(google drive): django.db.utils.IntegrityError: Problem installing fixture 'C:\stuff\code\django-test01\django_project\datadump.json': Could not load auth.User(pk=1): duplicate key value violates unique constraint "users_profile_user_id_key" DETAIL: Key (user_id)=(1) already exists. I aslso tried doing python manage.py migrate --run-syncdb, python manage.py dumpdata --exclude auth.permission --exclude contenttypes --natural-foreign --natural-primary > db.json and 'TRUNCATE django_content_type CASCADE;' in dbshell, but none of above did work. Am using Django's built-in User model('User' class from 'django.contrib.auth.models'). Tried to completely erase data from database and do it again, but for no avail. Tried answers(1, 2) from related questions, but they didn't work. What can I do to fix it and migrate my data from sqlite3 to Postgres? -
Django App not Deploying Correctly on Azure Web App Service
I've been following the steps outlined in the Azure documentation to deploy my Django app on an Azure Web App Service using local git deployment. After completing the steps, I can see the code and the virtual environment with the correct packages when I SSH into the web app. However, when I visit my site, it still loads the default Azure home page instead of my Django app. I attempted to troubleshoot by running python manage.py runserver in the SSH console, but I received the following error: Watching for file changes with StatReloader Performing system checks... System check identified no issues (0 silenced). February 12, 2024 - 01:20:11 Django version 4.1, using settings 'csvvalidator.settings' Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/ Quit the server with CONTROL-C. Error: That port is already in use. It seems like the Django development server is running, but the port is already in use. I expected my Django app to be deployed following the tutorial, but it's not working as expected. Am I missing any additional steps or configurations to ensure that my Django app is properly deployed on the Azure Web App Service? Any guidance or suggestions would be greatly appreciated. Thanks! -
Is there a way to redirect a non-www subdirectory to that subdirectory with the www domain?
I'm new to web hosting and I'm currently having trouble redirecting subdirectories that don't have the www subdomain. Typing example.com/subdirectory/ just goes to https://www.example.com/ I want it to go to from example.com/subdirectory/ to https://www.example.com/subdirectory/ I'm using django, pythonanywhere, and namecheap. I've already looked a lot online but there just doesn't seem to be any examples with someone using django, pythonanywhere and namecheap. There were some cases where using htaccess solved the problem, but I don't think it's compatible with django? -
Having issues with my Django form ; returning invalid
I keep getting form.is_valid return false from my Django form Here is my views.py def book_bus(request): if request.method == 'POST' : form = bookbusform(request.POST) if form.is_valid() : cd = form.cleaned_data current_loc = cd['current_location'] destination = cd['Destination'] departure = cd['departure_date'] User = get_user_model() if 'booknow' in request.POST : user = User.objects.get(phone_number=request.user.phone_numbe> booking = Booking.objects.create(current_Location = current_l> booking.created_by = user booking.save() return redirect('payonline') else : user = User.objects.get(phone_number=request.user.phone_numbe> booking = Booking.objects.create(current_Location = current_l booking.created_by = user booking.save() return redirect('home') else : return redirect('error-page') else : form = bookbusform() context = { 'form' : form } return render(request,'bookbus.html',context) My forms.py file class bookbusform(forms.Form) : current_location = forms.ChoiceField(choices = Bus_Terminal.objects.values_list("id","name"),widget = forms.Select(attrs={"class":"selec> Destination = forms.ChoiceField(choices = Bus_Terminal.objects.none(),widget = forms.Select(attrs={"class":"select","id":"Des"})) departure_date = forms.DateField(widget = forms.DateInput(attrs={"type":"date","min":min_date,"max":max_date})) -
Django Updateview in modal
im not so confirm in Django, and Im trying to change some parts from a existung project to my wishes. The existing project is not from me, I downloaded from Github here: https://github.com/AliBigdeli/Django-Smart-RFID-Access-Control/ I added in Card management one new field in models.py class UIDCard(models.Model): ... ammount = models.DecimalField(max_digits=8, decimal_places=2, default=0) ... Also added in the folder dashboard/api/serializers.py the price in class CardReaderSerializer Now I changed some parts in templates/card-management.html Added the field "ammount" in the genral overview, is showing me the Database value Added a Pay button, open a new Modal window, the plan is to add some money on it. The enterred value is saving on the Database, but with two issues. first, I cant see the existing values from the Database in the formfields prefilled. Like in the edit part second, the Update button is saving the value but the modal window is not closing I cant find the problems in the code, can somewhre helping me please The complete changed .html file: {% extends 'dashboard/base.html'%} {% block content %} <div class="d-flex"> <div> <h1 class="mt-4">Cards</h1> </div> <div class="ms-auto mt-4"> <button type="button " class="btn btn-warning" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#CreateFormModal" id="CreateDevice"> Add Card ID </button> </div> </div> <hr> <div class="table-responsive" style="height: … -
Papertrail logs not displaying for Django app in production
I have a Django app that is deployed to production using Heroku. I am currently trying to integrate papertrail logging but no logs are being sent to production. At this point I am at a total loss as to why my logs are not going through. I am not using papertrail as a Heroku addon, but am using the web interface. This is what my LOGGING setting is in settings.py LOGGING = { 'version': 1, 'disable_existing_loggers': False, 'formatters': { 'verbose': { 'format': '{levelname} {asctime} {module} {message}', 'style': '{', }, }, 'handlers': { 'console': { 'level': 'DEBUG', 'class': 'logging.StreamHandler', 'formatter': 'verbose', }, 'papertrail': { 'level': 'INFO', 'class': 'logging.handlers.SysLogHandler', 'address': ('logsX.papertrailapp.com', XXXXX), 'formatter': 'verbose', }, }, 'loggers': { '': { # This is the root logger, capturing logs from any logger. 'handlers': ['console', 'papertrail'], # Start with 'console' for development. Add 'papertrail' for production. 'level': 'DEBUG', 'propagate': True, }, }, } NOTE: In my code the address is correct, I am of course redacting it in this post. In my views.py I have the following code: import logging logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) def index(request): logger.warning('test') I have deployed this to production but I see no logs coming in. I am at a loss … -
How to display data from api json for django
I'm trying to create a weather website in django but I don't know exactly how to get apis data and display it in my templates. following a tutorial I arrived at this view: from django.http import HttpResponse import requests def weatherdata(request): response = requests.get('https://api.open-meteo.com/v1/forecast?latitude=52.52&longitude=13.41&hourly=temperature_2m,relative_humidity_2m,precipitation').json() context = {'response':response} return render(request,'home.html',context) and this html: <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Document</title> </head> <body> <strong>LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE</strong> {{latitude}} {{longitude}} </body> </html> considering the following lines in the api: {"latitude":52.52,"longitude":13.419998, and the result was, basically nothing. No error but no information was printed in the screen how do I solve this? -
How to save logs, to S3Boto3Storage, with Django Logging
I need to save my logs to a file on dedicated storage (using S3BotoStorage). I haven't found any working solution yet. Does anyone know how to make it work? I need to incorporate something similar to logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler with backups. This is my settings.py: LOGGING = { 'version': 1, 'disable_existing_loggers': False, 'formatters': { 'standard': { 'format': '%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(name)s %(message)s' }, }, 'handlers': { 'console': { 'level': 'INFO', 'class': 'logging.StreamHandler', 'formatter': 'standard', 'filters': [], }, 'file': { 'level': 'INFO', 'class': 'fundamental.cdn.backends.LogsRootS3BotoStorage', 'formatter': 'standard', 'filename': 'logs.log', }, }, 'loggers': { logger_name: { 'level': 'INFO', 'propagate': True, 'handlers': [],#['file'], } for logger_name in ('django', 'django.request', 'django.db.backends', 'django.template', 'articles') }, 'root': { 'level': 'DEBUG', 'handlers': ['console'], } } this is cdn.backed from storages.backends.s3boto3 import S3Boto3Storage ... class LogsRootS3BotoStorage(S3Boto3Storage): location = "logs" file_overwrite = False -
How do i use external file storage for user uploaded files in Django
I have deployed my django application on vercel and the mysql database is deployed on Clever Cloud. I have used the Clever Cloud File Storage (FS Bucket) service, free tier to store user uploaded files and images but I am not able to make it work I get the error: [WinError 10060] A connection attempt failed because the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time, or established connection failed because connected host has failed to respond Here is my configuration DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE = 'storages.backends.sftpstorage.SFTPStorage' SFTP_STORAGE_USE_AGENT = False # Avoid using insecure key agent authentication SFTP_STORAGE_HOST = 'bucket-xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxx-fsbucket.services.clever-cloud.com' SFTP_STORAGE_USERNAME = 'username@bucket_name' # Use correct IAM user with access # Retrieve password securely from environment variable (highly recommended) SFTP_STORAGE_PASSWORD = 'xxxxxxxxxxxx' MEDIA_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'media' MEDIA_URL = 'https://xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-fsbucket.services.clever-cloud.com/portfolio/' I cant seem to find the issue. I am open to use any other file storage if it's free -
Encountering Server Error (500) During Website Deployment Without Clear Error Messages On Render.com
During deployment on Render.com, I encounter a Server Error (500) without receiving any warnings or errors in the logs. Interestingly, only pages that don't interact with the database load successfully, suggesting potential issues with database permissions or connection configurations. Unfortunately, the lack of detailed error messages makes it challenging to pinpoint the exact cause of the problem. Seeking insights and solutions to resolve this deployment issue. from pathlib import Path import os import dj_database_url # Build paths inside the project like this: BASE_DIR / 'subdir'. BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent # Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production # See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/howto/deployment/checklist/ # SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret! SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('SECRET_KEY', default='your secret key') # SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production! DEBUG = 'RENDER' not in os.environ ALLOWED_HOSTS = [] RENDER_EXTERNAL_HOSTNAME = os.environ.get('RENDER_EXTERNAL_HOSTNAME') if RENDER_EXTERNAL_HOSTNAME: ALLOWED_HOSTS.append(RENDER_EXTERNAL_HOSTNAME) # Application definition INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.admin', 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', 'catalogoApp', ] MIDDLEWARE = [ 'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', 'whitenoise.middleware.WhiteNoiseMiddleware', 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware', 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', 'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware', ] ROOT_URLCONF = 'panelBM.urls' TEMPLATES = [ { 'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates', 'DIRS': [], 'APP_DIRS': True, 'OPTIONS': { 'context_processors': [ 'django.template.context_processors.debug', 'django.template.context_processors.request', 'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth', 'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages', ], }, }, ] WSGI_APPLICATION = 'panelBM.wsgi.application' # Database # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/ref/settings/#databases … -
how to show image in html
#models.py class Contact(models.Model): name = models.CharField(max_length=50, null=False, blank=False, unique=False) photo = models.ImageField(upload_to='static/photos/', null=True, blank=True) def __str__(self) -> str: return f'{self.name} {self.photo}' #forms.py class ContactForm(forms.Form): name = forms.CharField(required=True, label='Name') photo = forms.ImageField(required=False, label='Photo') #views.py def post(self, request:HttpRequest)->HttpResponse: # print(request.POST) form = ContactForm(request.POST, request.FILES) if form.is_valid(): Contact.objects.create(name=form.cleaned_data['name'], photo=form.cleaned_data['photo']).save() #. . . class ContactDetail(DetailView): model = Contact #contact_detail.html <ol> <b>{{object.name}}</b><br> Photo: <img src="{{object.photo}}" width="55%"> </ol> I've this but when I want t see that contact, there's no image in page. what I should do? it just shows this atajan(name) -
Troubleshooting Plesk: Resolving Python Django App Issues
I recently encountered a frustrating issue while attempting to deploy my Python Django 3 application on a hosting server running Plesk on CentOS. Every time I tried to access the application URL, I was greeted with a discouraging 403 error. Despite my efforts to tweak various Apache, nginx, and HTTPS directives within Plesk, as well as experimenting with Passenger, none of my attempts seemed to resolve the issue. Has anyone else faced a similar challenge, and if so, how did you manage to overcome it? I'm eager to hear any suggestions or insights that could help me get my Django app up and running smoothly. Thanks in advance for any assistance! -
Django migration error for custom model where if tried it make migraiton shows table doesn't exist
I have created login register app for that I have used django django.contrib.auth.models import abstractuser and used inbuilt user model and added more fields into it and then in setting.py add this line "AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'login_register.loginRegister'" and when tried to make migrations it shows error that login_register doesn't exist, I undestood that it is trying to refernce it before it's initialization but i don't understand I am just trying to makemigrations and not call it. Tried to makemigrations and migrate into database but getting error table doesn't exist -
Dump Web Client Sending the same post request MANY times to Django server
I am developing an acquisition server for an IoT application, I am using Django web framework for this task. (Acquisition server is a server that recieves messages from a client "a hardware Microcontroller in my case" and saves the data it recieves to the database) The client I am working with is a closed source controller, so I cannot modify how it behaves. I only have control over my acquisition server. The problem: The controller is sending the same request with the same data multiple times in a row and django is opening a new thread for every request. I want Django to handle the request of the controller and not open a new thread for the controller (the controller is dump), after Django handles the request it sends a confirmation messages to the controller and the controller would send next request. How can I achieve that in Django? I do not know where to start or how to look for an answer for my question.