Django community: RSS
This page, updated regularly, aggregates Django Q&A from the Django community.
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How to associate a username from the User model to another model in Django?
I currently have an index view with several input tags for a name, file and tags. I'm trying to connect the model that handles that view (name: Uploaded) to the User model and associate the logged in users username to the Uploaded model. Here's my view: def index(request): if request.method == 'POST': form = FileUploadForm(request.POST, request.FILES) if form.is_valid(): form.save() else: form = FileUploadForm allTags = Tag.objects.all() context = {'form': form, 'allTags': allTags} return render(request, 'index.html', context) and here's the Uploaded model: class Uploaded(models.Model): objects: models.Manager() user = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name="users") name = models.CharField(max_length=50) file = models.FileField(upload_to=MEDIA_ROOT) tags = TaggableManager() def __str__(self): return f"{self.name} {self.file}" -
Django | example of usage of Expression in check constraint
Django docs says that sinse version 3.1. it is possible to use Expression in check-constraints. https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.1/ref/models/constraints/ CheckConstraint.check¶ A Q object or boolean Expression that specifies the check you want the constraint to enforce. For example, CheckConstraint(check=Q(age__gte=18), name='age_gte_18') ensures the age field is never less than 18. Changed in Django 3.1: Support for boolean Expression was added. Does anyone have any real life or at least decent made up example how to use Expression in check constraints basically, cos i can't get my head around it and there are no any example in documnetation. Thank you. -
How to add constraint for 2 fields not having the same value?
How to write a check that checks if two objects of the same model are not the same object? class Foo(models.Model): first = models.ForeignKey(Bar, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='first') second = models.ForeignKey(Bar, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='second') class Meta: constraints = [ CheckConstraint(name='not_same', check=(first!=second)) ] -
Passing a parameter in url through multiple pages in django
I may not have been descriptive in the title but what I want is that for example When a new user opens a page where login is required --> he is redirected to login page with the login url having a next parameter to the previous page.But as he is a new user he chooses to signup by clicking on a link on the login page which takes him to signup page ,now this is where the problem comes - The signup url gets no parameter and once user signs up he is automatically redirected to login page and after he logs in he is redirected to the index page instead of the page where login was required. This is my login view for my customer user model: def login(request): if request.user.is_authenticated: return redirect('/') else: if request.method == "POST": email=request.POST['email'] password=request.POST['password'] user=auth.authenticate(email=email,password=password) if user is not None: auth.login(request, user) next_page = request.POST['next'] if next_page != '': return redirect(next_page) else: return redirect('/') else: messages.info(request,"Email Password didn't match") next = request.POST['next'] if next != '': login_url = reverse('login') query_string = urlencode({'next': next}) url = '{}?{}'.format(login_url, query_string) # create the url return redirect(url) else: return redirect('login') else: return render(request,"login.html") And signup view: def … -
dependent dropdown error 'tuple' object has no attribute 'get'
**PCR.html** <div class="main-container"> <p>PCR LIVE INDICATOR</p> <form method="POST" id="pcrchart" data-pcr-url="{% url 'ajax_expiry'%}"> <div class="drop1"> <label>Select Symbol</label> <select name="company" id="company" size="1"> <option value="" selected="selected">Nifty</option> {% for i in d %} <option value="{{i.name}}">{{i.name}}</option> {% endfor %} </select> </div> <div class="drop2"> <label>Select Expiry</label> <select name="expiryDate" id="expiryDate" size="1"> </select> </div> <div class="drop3"> <label>Select Strike</label> <br> <select name="price" id="price" size="1"> <option value="" selected="selected">12700</option> {% for Price in Prices %} <option value="{{price.pk}}">{{price.name}}</option> {% endfor %} </select> </div> </form> pcr1.html <option value="" selected="selected">27 Aug 2020</option> {% for expiryDate in expiry %} <option value="{{expiryDate.expiry}}" title="27 Aug 2020">{{expiryDate.expiry}}</option> {% endfor %} views.py def pcr(request): d={} d = stock.objects.all() return render(request,'pcr.html',{"d":d}) def expiry(request): name1 = request.GET.get('company') print(name1) expiry=NFO.objects.all().filter(name=name1) return (request,'pcr1.html',{ 'expiry': expiry, }) i am write to write a dependent dropdown list .the first dropdown value is selected based on that on second dropdown there is an error thAT 'tuple' object has no attribute 'get' Request Method: GET Request URL: http://127.0.0.1:8000/ajax/expiry/?company=NIFTY Django Version: 3.0.7 Exception Type: AttributeError Exception Value: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'get' Exception Location: /usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages/django/middleware/clickjacking.py in process_response, line 26 Python Executable: /usr/bin/python3 Python Version: 3.8.3 Python Path: ['/root/Documents/optionplus', '/usr/lib/python38.zip', '/usr/lib/python3.8', '/usr/lib/python3.8/lib-dynload', '/usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages', '/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages', '/usr/lib/python3.8/dist-packages'] Server time: Sat, 29 Aug 2020 20:57:06 +0530 -
Can't raise the error in UserCreationForm in Django?
I want to raise the error in my UserCreationForm. I have seen previous questions on this problem but It's not working for me. I gave the existing email and when i submitted there's no error display on the page. Can you spot me the mistakes? How I wrote in forms.py class StudentRegisterForm(UserCreationForm): class Meta(UserCreationForm): model = CustomUser fields = ['email', ....] def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): email_attr = {'class': 'form-control', 'id': 'email-register', 'type': 'email'} super(StudentRegisterForm, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) self.fields['email'].widget.attrs.update(email_attr) # some other fields def clean_email(self): email = self.cleaned_data.get('email') if CustomUser.objects.filter(email=email).exists(): raise forms.ValidationError("Email's already taken!") return email views.py class StudentRegisterView(SuccessMessageMixin, CreateView): template_name = "attendance/login-register/student_register.html" form_class = StudentRegisterForm success_url = "/" -
Can you show me an example of Mixins in Django? What is the usage?
I am new to Django, and I usually used function-based views. But I see that using mixins and class-based views way more powerful. I did a lot of research but I am still confused about how to use Mixins. How come Mixins are an excellent way of reusing code across multiple classes? If you show me an example or better way of explanation than it does in docs, I would be appreciated. -
django LEFT JOIN targets ON FIND_IN_SET
i need to implement a query with django orm like that: http://sqlfiddle.com/#!9/7fcd03/1/0 how can i implement the LEFT JOIN targets ON FIND_IN_SET(targets.id, info.target_ids) with django? is that possible? should i use the .extra() ? my code now it's like that: search = self.model.objects.annotate(services = GroupConcat(Services)).filter(services__icontains=self.request.GET['type'], city__icontains=self.request.GET['city']).order_by('id') Thanks -
Not able to run the command "sudo nginx -t"
I am following this document and this tutorial to deploy a Django website on Microsoft azure. After configuring all the setting upto "Configure Nginx to Proxy Pass to Gunicorn", when i executed "sudo ngnix -t" to test that all is working or not, It is giving this Error nginx: [emerg] open() "/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/myproject" failed (2: No such file or directory) in /etc/nginx/nginx.conf:62 nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test failed Please Help me. -
Django-template. How to create list of values for specific key for each element in QuerySet
I am sending all objects to html through context: views.py def books(request): all_books = Book.objects.all() context = {'books': all_books} return render(request, 'books/books.html', context) models.py class Book(models.Model): title = models.CharField(max_length=100) author = models.CharField(max_length=30) category = models.IntegerField() offset_pages = models.IntegerField() read_pages = models.IntegerField() total_pages = models.IntegerField() book_path = models.CharField(max_length=200, default='') status = models.BooleanField(default=False) def __str__(self): return f'{self.category} | {self.title} | {self.author}' Is this possible to get a list of all values for specific key in django template? I would like to have a list of all read_pages values for each element in QuerySet. I can do this through a context as well I believe, but it seems like there has to be a better way. I need a list because I want to send it do chart.js later on. -
Django Bug with long name in db_column?
When i use a long name in db_columns at a field in Models.py, django does not work correct. It truncates the name, and add random letters/numbers at the end. Like this: db_column='my_loooooooooooooooooong_column_name' And when i try queryset, django returns: 'table name'.'my_looooooooooooooo6E4': invalid identifier. My scenario in detail: I have a legacy database in Oracle. The table name in database: PALAVRA_CHAVE_ENTREGA_VALOR With 3 Fields: PCEV_CD_PALAVRA_CHAVE_ENTREGA_VALOR (Primary Key), PACH_CD_PALAVRA_CHAVE, ENVA_CD_ENTREGA_VALOR In my models.py: class PalavraChaveEntregaValor(models.Model): pcev_cd_palavra_chave_entrega_valor = models.BigIntegerField(primary_key=True, db_column='pcev_cd_palavra_chave_entrega_valor') pach_cd_palavra_chave = models.BigIntegerField() enva_cd_entrega_valor = models.BigIntegerField() class Meta: managed = False db_table = 'palavra_chave_entrega_valor' When i run in shell (python manage.py shell) this command: PalavraChaveEntregaValor.objects.all() I got output: DatabaseError: ORA-00904: "PALAVRA_CHAVE_ENTREGA_VALOR"."PCEV_CD_PALAVRA_CHAVE_ENTRA6E4": invalid identifier I made a test, and changed the long name PCEV_CD_PALAVRA_CHAVE_ENTREGA_VALOR to PCEV_CD, and everthing works fine.. Is there a limitation of characters in db_columns at django? Is there a workaround for this? If not, i will have to create a lot of Views in Oracle Database with shorter names of columns only for django work.. Change the current table column names is not an option. -
How to add integers to primary key field in Django Model at save
In my Django app, I have created a model with the id (primary key) as a CharField of length 6. I am using a custom validator which allows the user to only enter integers only. Is there a way to add zeros before the input if it is less than the "six" character length specified in the field definition. For example, the user enters value 1234 in the primary key field. Now I want that at save the pk field value should be saved as 001234. I tried doing that at save but two records are getting created, one with the input by the user and the other with the zero(s) added. Is this at all possible to achieve what I am trying to do? -
Migrating from django celery tasks to apache airflow
I have a python/django project (running in docker containers). There's a data collection workflow which is implemented via celery tasks, which depend on each other and run in parallel. I want to migrate all this logic to apache airflow, because I assume it suits for my needs and it will be more convenient to start and restart the tasks, build more complex workflow, monitor and debug. I've never used airflow before. Is my plan sane? Where do I start? What executors should I use? -
DRF simple jwt. How to change response from TokenObtainPairView to get an access token EXPIRES time
I wrote in urls: from rest_framework_simplejwt.views import ( TokenObtainPairView, TokenRefreshView, ) urlpatterns = [ ... path('api/token/', TokenObtainPairView.as_view(), name='token_obtain_pair'), path('api/token/refresh/', TokenRefreshView.as_view(), name='token_refresh'), ... ] Then when I request api/token/, I got a json response with only access and refresh tokens. But I need to get also an access token expires time for saving it to localStorage and request to the refresh url, save the new access token in the storage if the time was expired -
How to host number of websites under similer url
I have a site build in site123 (site123 is a WYSIWYG and it dose not support code export). I use it as a nice designed landing page and product's catalog. so I have: https://app.site123.com/?w=my_site this site has no back-end (not supported by site123). and I have another site build in django for payments and other stuff like this I host it on pythonanywhere, So I also have http://my_website_with_backed.pythonanywhere.com/. Now, I buy a domain from GoDaddy and I would like to know if there is a way to connect the 2 websites under the same url??. like: site123 website: www.catalog.my_own_url.com django website: www.payment.my_own_url.com Thank you -
Is there any way to keep on updating Django Database?
I am making a Django API for Movie Ticket Booking System. The model for a ticket has got 5 fields namely Name of the User Phone Number of the User Date Time Status (Discussed in detail below) The operations supported by the API are, GET -> get all the ticket details GET/ID -> get the ticket details for the specified ID POST -> Book a new ticket PUT -> Update date and time of a ticket DELETE/ID -> Delete a ticket with the specified ID I have completed all the above specified functions. But Now I want to do something like, Mark a ticket as expired if there is a diff of 2 hours between the ticket timing and current time. AND Delete expired tickets automatically I cannot find any useful resources to do the above specified tasks and am unable to think of a professional way to do so. Can anyone please explain the best approach to solve the above problems. NOTE: The API will not be going LIVE. It will only run on my local machine. -
Create User in Django through form
I want to have a user sign up form in Django, I know that for the Backend I should have something like this: >>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User >>> user = User.objects.create_user('john', 'lennon@thebeatles.com', 'johnpassword') >>> user.last_name = 'Lennon' >>> user.save() However, I don't know how to make the Frontend. I've already looked up in the Django documentation and found the UserCreationForm class and it says it's deprecated. What should I do? Thank you -
Login using Django sessions when using Django REST framework
I have a Django application. Some parts of the applications are using only Django and Django templates and thus session authentication. Some other parts are written using Django REST framework with JWT authentication. I want to login the use in Django when the request for obtaining the JWT tokens arrives to the server. I use Django's login(request, user), but it's not working. What should I do? -
Getting error when Django startup with runserver command
I have an django app that include sklearn, pandas and numpy libraries. I can run it without virtualenv however when I run it inside virtualenv I get his error. I am using Python3.8 on Ubuntu. I just want to use virtualenv to manage my packages easily. I re-installed packages in the virtualenv with PyCharm. My error include references to the joblib library too. I cannot find any solution: Matching for file changes with StatReloader Performing system checks... Exception in thread django-main-thread: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/python3.8/threading.py", line 932, in _bootstrap_inner self.run() File "/usr/lib/python3.8/threading.py", line 870, in run self._target(*self._args, **self._kwargs) File "/home/suat/Belgeler/github/turnusol/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/utils/autoreload.py", line 53, in wrapper fn(*args, **kwargs) File "/home/suat/Belgeler/github/turnusol/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/core/management/commands/runserver.py", line 118, in inner_run self.check(display_num_errors=True) File "/home/suat/Belgeler/github/turnusol/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 392, in check all_issues = checks.run_checks( File "/home/suat/Belgeler/github/turnusol/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/core/checks/registry.py", line 70, in run_checks new_errors = check(app_configs=app_configs, databases=databases) File "/home/suat/Belgeler/github/turnusol/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/core/checks/urls.py", line 13, in check_url_config return check_resolver(resolver) File "/home/suat/Belgeler/github/turnusol/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/core/checks/urls.py", line 23, in check_resolver return check_method() File "/home/suat/Belgeler/github/turnusol/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/urls/resolvers.py", line 408, in check for pattern in self.url_patterns: File "/home/suat/Belgeler/github/turnusol/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/utils/functional.py", line 48, in __get__ res = instance.__dict__[self.name] = self.func(instance) File "/home/suat/Belgeler/github/turnusol/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/urls/resolvers.py", line 589, in url_patterns patterns = getattr(self.urlconf_module, "urlpatterns", self.urlconf_module) File "/home/suat/Belgeler/github/turnusol/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/utils/functional.py", line 48, in __get__ res = instance.__dict__[self.name] = self.func(instance) File "/home/suat/Belgeler/github/turnusol/venv/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/urls/resolvers.py", line 582, in urlconf_module … -
django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured Error
My main URLS.PY File from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path,include from django.views.generic import RedirectView from catalog import urls from Demo import urls urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), path('catalog/',include('catalog.urls')), path('demo/',include('Demo.urls')), path('',RedirectView.as_view(url='catalog/')), ] when Iam run my work get following error Exception in thread django-main-thread: Traceback (most recent call last): File "E:\MyWorks\django_projects\locallib\lib\site-packages\django\urls\resolvers.py", line 586, in url_patterns iter(patterns) TypeError: 'module' object is not iterable During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\threading.py", line 917, in _bootstrap_inner self.run() File "C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37\lib\threading.py", line 865, in run self._target(*self._args, **self._kwargs) File "E:\MyWorks\django_projects\locallib\lib\site-packages\django\utils\autoreload.py", line 54, in wrapper fn(*args, **kwargs) File "E:\MyWorks\django_projects\locallib\lib\site-packages\django\core\management\commands\runserver.py", line 117, in inner_run self.check(display_num_errors=True) File "E:\MyWorks\django_projects\locallib\lib\site-packages\django\core\management\base.py", line 390, in check include_deployment_checks=include_deployment_checks, File "E:\MyWorks\django_projects\locallib\lib\site-packages\django\core\management\base.py", line 377, in _run_checks return checks.run_checks(**kwargs) File "E:\MyWorks\django_projects\locallib\lib\site-packages\django\core\checks\registry.py", line 72, in run_checks new_errors = check(app_configs=app_configs) File "E:\MyWorks\django_projects\locallib\lib\site-packages\django\core\checks\urls.py", line 40, in check_url_namespaces_unique all_namespaces = _load_all_namespaces(resolver) File "E:\MyWorks\django_projects\locallib\lib\site-packages\django\core\checks\urls.py", line 67, in _load_all_namespaces namespaces.extend(_load_all_namespaces(pattern, current)) File "E:\MyWorks\django_projects\locallib\lib\site-packages\django\core\checks\urls.py", line 57, in _load_all_namespaces url_patterns = getattr(resolver, 'url_patterns', []) File "E:\MyWorks\django_projects\locallib\lib\site-packages\django\utils\functional.py", line 80, in get res = instance.dict[self.name] = self.func(instance) File "E:\MyWorks\django_projects\locallib\lib\site-packages\django\urls\resolvers.py", line 593, in url_patterns raise ImproperlyConfigured(msg.format(name=self.urlconf_name)) django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: The included URLconf '<module 'catalog.urls' from 'E:\MyWorks\django_projects\catalog\urls.py'>' does not appear to have any patterns in it. If you see valid patterns … -
django ckeditor SVG portions of page dissapearing
I am using Django CKEditorm3.5 with Django 2.2. I am writing a very crude CMS that will allow interns to edit content of selected pages. This is my code: settings.py CKEDITOR_UPLOAD_PATH = 'content/ckeditor/' CKEDITOR_CONFIGS = { 'awesome_ckeditor': { 'toolbar': 'Basic', }, 'default': { 'toolbar': 'full', 'height': 300, 'width': 300, }, } models.py class WebPage(models.Model): breadcrumb = models.CharField(blank=False, null=False, max_length=128, unique=True) content = RichTextField() creator = models.ForeignKey(User, blank=True, null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL) is_published = models.BooleanField() created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True) def __str__(self): return self.breadcrumb views.py def test_page(request): from django.template import Context, Template from django.http import HttpResponse from webpage.models import WebPage page = WebPage.objects.get(breadcrumb='Main/Menu1') content = page.content return render(request, 'test_page.html', { 'content': content}) test_page.html {% extends 'base.html' %} {% load static %} {% block content %} <div class="container"> {% autoescape off %} {{ content }} {% endautoescape %} </div> {% endblock %} Sample content of WebPage Model This bit of HTML: <div class="d-flex flex-wrap text-center"> <!-- Counter Pie Chart --> <div class="g-mr-40 g-mb-20 g-mb-0--xl"> <div class="js-pie g-color-purple g-mb-5" data-circles-value="54" data-circles-max-value="100" data-circles-bg-color="#d3b6c6" data-circles-fg-color= "#9b6bcc" data-circles-radius="30" data-circles-stroke-width="3" data-circles-additional-text="%" data-circles-duration="2000" data-circles-scroll-animate="true" data-circles-font-size="14" id="hs-pie-1"> <div class="circles-wrp" style="position: relative; display: inline-block;"> <div class="circles-text" style= "position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; text-align: center; width: 100%; font-size: 14px; height: 60px; … -
Button in the base template to switch between locations
I have a base.html template which lets me choose between shops- I want to use this setting to save a product in relationship to it's location. I already implemented a middleware that gives me a list of all shops for a logged in user and the current shop (is this a smart way?): from .models import Shop class ActiveShopMiddleware(object): def __init__(self, get_response): self.get_response = get_response def __call__(self, request): shops = Shop.objects.filter(user=request.user.id) request.current_shop = shops[0] request.shops = shops response = self.get_response(request) return response I create products using a form, and I want to add the current shop information to that. I want to be able to switch between shops like in the screenshot: I tried this in base template: {% if user.is_authenticated %} {% if request.num_shops > 1 %} <div class="dropdown" aria-labelledby="userMenu"> <button class="btn btn-primary dropdown-toggle mr-2" type="button" id="dropdownMenu0" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">shop: {{ request.current_shop }}</button> <form method="post" action=""> {% csrf_token %} <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="dropdownMenu1"> {% for shop in request.shops %} <input type="hidden" name="tessst" value="{{ shop.id }}"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/">{{ shop }}</a> {% endfor %} </form> </div> </div> {% endif %} I want to get the shop_id variable in my index view: def index(request): shop_id = request.POST["tessst"] Is this an ok approach? … -
Rendering cyrillic fonts from html page to pdf in django project
I am trying to render an hmtl page in russian to pdf. Everything works fine except for russian fonts. The resulting pdf page shows either black squares or trash. That's my html to pdf page: {% load static %} <style> @font-face { font-family: 'Open Sans'; src: url({% static 'webfonts/OpenSans-regular.ttf' %})format('truetype'); } body{ font-family: 'Open Sans'; } </style> <body> олывоалыовалоылвоа <br> олыолваолыоалывоалы </body> That,s my project tree: -project/static/webfonts/OpenSans-Regular.ttf Please, help -
Show message in class based view in Django?
In function based view I can display some warning messages when the 2 passwords don’t match with each other or the email's already existed. But how can I do it in class based view. Noted that I use the custom form widgets. how I do it in function based view def register(request): if request.method == "POST": form = RegisterForm(request.POST) email = request.POST['email'] password1 = request.POST['password1'] password2 = request.POST['password2'] # some other fields if User.objects.filter(email=email).exists(): messages.info(request, 'Email is already taken') return redirect('register') elif password1 != password2: messages.warning(request, 'Passwords are not matched!') return redirect('register') elif form.is_valid(): form.save() messages.success(request, 'Your account has created! You can log in now') return redirect('login') how I write in forms.py class form(UserCreationForm): class Meta(UserCreationForm): model = User fields = ['email', 'password1', 'password2'] def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(form, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) self.fields['email'].widget.attrs.update({ 'id': 'register-form', 'placeholder': 'Email Address', 'type': 'email', 'name': 'email-register', 'class': 'form-control mb-3 ml-3', }) self.fields['password1'].widget.attrs.update({ 'id': 'register-form', 'placeholder': 'New Password', 'type': 'password', 'name': 'password1-register', 'class': 'form-control mb-3 ml-3', }) self.fields['password2'].widget.attrs.update({ 'id': 'register-form', 'placeholder': 'Re-enter New Password', 'type': 'password', 'name': 'password2-register', 'class': 'form-control mb-3 ml-3', }) how I write in template {% if messages %} {% for message in messages %} <div class="alert alert-{{ message.tags }}"> {{ message }} … -
How to use Django with Docker on Windows
I have a Django application running on AWS-Beanstalk server (using EC-2 Linux instance) This runs fine and trouble-free, but I am working on a Windows system and would like to work under the same system requirements to prevent problems. Now AWS offers a Linux instance with docker, but I couldn't do much with the documentation and have problems setting up my Windows 10 system with docker for aws. Does anyone know a tutorial or can help me in any other way? Jaron
