Django community: RSS
This page, updated regularly, aggregates Django Q&A from the Django community.
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Django Query Multi Table
I'm trying to do a form query on a field and the goal is to get all the kids enrolled in all the teachers classes in this drop down menu. The query I have right now is getting all the classes a teacher is enrolled in . However how do I retrieve the kids within those classes. I attached a picture to so you can visually see how I linked the tables. FORMS.PY class Select_Student_Phone_Log_Form(forms.ModelForm): class Meta: model = PhoneLog fields = ('student_ps',) labels = {'student_ps':_('Student Name') } def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): self.user = kwargs.pop('user') super (Select_Student_Phone_Log_Form,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs ) students = SectionEnrollment.objects.filter(section_id__teacher_username = self.user) self.fields['student_ps'].queryset= students MODELS.PY # Section Information Stored class Section(models.Model): sectionpsid= models.CharField(primary_key = True, default = "", max_length = 50) schoolpsid = models.ForeignKey(School,on_delete = models.CASCADE, default = "" ,) coursepsid = models.ForeignKey(Course,on_delete = models.CASCADE, default = "" ,) termpsid = models.ForeignKey(Term,on_delete = models.CASCADE, default = "" ,) section_number = models.CharField(default = "", max_length = 50) expression = models.CharField(default = "", max_length = 50) external_expression= models.CharField(default = "", max_length = 50) staffpsid = models.ForeignKey(Staff,on_delete = models.CASCADE, default = "" ,) gradebooktype = models.CharField(default = "", max_length = 50) teacher_username = models.ManyToManyField(User) # Creation of Classrooms and Assigned Teachers class … -
My dynamic images are removed from Heroku app in few hours
I recently added my first app to Heroku, but after few hours my dynamic media files get disappeared. I am using Django 3.1. Please help!! -
import data repeatedly into Django models using python and SQL
I researched about importing csv data into Django models and there was no mention of SQL. I just want to check if this method has any problem. I have many csv files which need to be uploaded into MySQL database every day. I wrote a python and SQL script to clean the data and then save them into MYSQL database and this works fine. I want to use the data to generate some charts to display in Django. I don't want to use two databases. So I would like to store the data in Django models. My question is if it is fine to create an app and models in Django and continue to use the python and SQL script to insert data. Can I use MYSQL workbench to create the tables of my data and do I have to use Django models.py to create the tables? -
AttributeError: module ' ' has no attribute 'ProfileView'
This is my first website on django, i keep reviewing the code and reading the documentation but not been able to find the bug. #APPS/ACCOUNTS/URLS ``` code ``` from django.urls import path from django.contrib.auth import views as auth_views from . import views app_name="accounts" urlpatterns = [ path("accounts/profile", views.ProfileView.as_view(), name="profile"), #Django-AUTH path( "accounts/login", auth_views.LoginView.as_view(template_name="accounts/login.html"), name="login" ), path("accounts/logout", auth_views.LogoutView.as_view(), name="logout"), ] -
Django – Require at least one instance of ManyToOne model
Is it possible to require at least one ManyToOne instance to a model when it's (first) saved? The idea is, to have a product that can have a price history (hope using a separate, loosely-coupled model for this is the right approach); so in order to add a product, at least one price should be required. I read that it's smarter to put this kind of validation into clean rather than save, as ValidationErrors are not raised from the latter and it's simply "better by convention". Not 100% sure where to draw the line regarding those two methods yet though. Currently trying to get it to work with Django admin; code looks as follows # models.py class Product(models.Model): name: str = models.CharField(max_length=128) def clean(self): if self._state.adding: if not self.prices.count(): raise ValidationError({ 'prices': ('At least one product price is required'), }) class ProductPrice(models.Model): product: Product = models.ForeignKey(Product, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='prices') price: float = models.FloatField() created: datetime = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) # admin.py class ProductPriceInline(admin.TabularInline): readonly_fields = ('created',) model = ProductPrice extra = 3 can_delete = False @admin.register(Product) class ProductInline(admin.ModelAdmin): model = Product verbose_name = 'Product' inlines = [ProductPriceInline,] And getting ValueError ProductForm has no field named prices. Also tried using a constraint on Product … -
Django REST framework throttling class or a middleware
I've been studying how to use the Django REST framework with API key addon for a use-case: I need to create logs of each API key that sends a request to each endpoint and base on type of account how many request is able to do it by each day. I've been between using a throlling class but that seems to work for every API key but not depending on the type. Or create middleware that controls with table on the DB how many requests a type of API key is allowed to use. Which of these approchs is better in this use-case or different a approch? -
To run a django live website on development mode
My website is up and running in Digital Ocean build on Django, python. I want to make some updates to it. I want to run the website in development mode. I have 3 different setting for development, production and testing.wsgi.py nd asgi.py re used for deployment. How to i change the setting from production to developemt? What re the files i should change. This site was not built by me. -
Graphene creates unique ids
Here in relay tutorial they say: Graphene creates globally unique IDs for all objects. You may need to copy this value from the results of the first query Those ids look like this SW5ncmVkaWVudE5vZGU6MQ==. And when quering a list of item in id field one can see that ids. How can I get normal (int) ids? Or frontend should convert int ids into string ids? -
Created Signup Page for my project and used User model but after signing in the data is not getting saved in admin
Trying to create Signup Page and store the details of user in User model but the data is not getting saved.I have imported the User model in forms.py.Below is the code of forms.py and view which is created. Views.py from .forms import SignUpForm,LoginForm,PostForm def user_signup(request): if request.method=="POST": form = SignUpForm(request.POST) if form.is_valid(): un=form.cleaned_data['username'] fn=form.cleaned_data['first_name'] ln=form.cleaned_data['last_name'] em=form.cleaned_data['email'] var=User(username=un,first_name=fn,last_name=ln,email=en) var.save() form = SignUpForm() else: form= SignUpForm() return render(request,'Blog/signup.html',{'form':form}) forms.py from django.contrib.auth.models import User class SignUpForm(UserCreationForm): password1=forms.CharField(label='Password',widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'class':'form-control'})) password2=forms.CharField(label='Password Again',widget=forms.PasswordInput(attrs={'class':'form-control'})) class Meta: model = User fields=['username','first_name','last_name','email'] labels={ 'first_name':'First Name', 'last_name':'Last Name', 'email':'Email' } widgets={ 'username':forms.TextInput(attrs={'class':'form-control'}), 'first_name':forms.TextInput(attrs={'class':'form-control'}), 'last_name':forms.TextInput(attrs={'class':'form-control'}), 'email':forms.EmailInput(attrs={'class':'form-control'}) } -
Authentication issues - request.user and request.isauthenticated is not set
I have a Django based application. I have integrated this application with SSO (Azure AD) using the package python3-saml The application URL is redirecting to Azure AD and returning the response. If I check the “request.user” or “request.user.is_authenticated” there is no user details found. For other applications using the plain Django configuration, the same Authentication mechanism worked fine but I have used Wagtail CMS which is causing issues. If I assign “request.user” manually after successful authentication from SSO, “request.user.is_authenticated” still shows false. request.user=request.session['sso_id'] print(request.user) #Prints the Associate ID -> XY123455 print(request.user.is_authenticated) #Returns False -
How to implement a function in django viewsth thats receives vue request
In the client part I have implemented vue, I have a post request with axios as follows, formData.append("file_location", archive.files[0]); formData.append("email", this.email); formData.append("group", this.group); axios.post('http://localhost:8000/files/', formData, { headers: { 'Content-Type': 'multipart/form-data' } }) the post request works perfectly, it saves me the document. In the Django part, in the views I have the following: class DataSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): name_back = serializers.SerializerMethodField() class Meta: model = Data fields=( 'file_id', 'file_location', 'zone','section','artifact', 'email', 'group', 'study','study_country','study_site', 'name_back','name','name_email', 'file_view',) print('dentro de la clase') def get_name_back(self, obj): file_name = '' file_name = obj.file_location.name print('file_name:', file_name) return file_name after executing the post request with axios in the terminal I get this: [28/Sep/2020 15:01:45] "POST /files/ HTTP/1.1" 201 366 [28/Sep/2020 15:01:48] "GET /users/profile/ HTTP/1.1" 200 256 [28/Sep/2020 15:01:48] "GET /files/ HTTP/1.1" 200 2410 [28/Sep/2020 15:01:48] "GET /files/ HTTP/1.1" 200 2410 I don't understand why those get requests are realized, I would like to filter only by post request or create a new function -
jquery load() is not loading my django view in another view
So i have got my html and i would like to add my django view in div "radio2". I am using JQuery function Load() but i have a problem because it returns error 404 with get request "http://127.0.0.1:8000/post/afafa/%7B%" and its not loading nothing in div post_detail.html <div class="post__recommendation__posts"> <div id="radio2" class="radio2"> </div> {% for post in posts|slice:":3" %} <div class="post__recommendation__post"> <div class="post__recommendation__post-image"> <img src={% static post.image.url %} alt="shakhur" /> </div> <div class="post__recommendation__post-description">{{post.short_description}}</div> </div> {% endfor %} </div> Js function $(document).ready(function (){ console.log("Loading page") $(".radio-btn").click(function(){ console.log("radio - btn") console.log($(this)[0].id) $.ajax({ url: "/radio/", type: 'POST', data:{ radio: "radio", input: $(this)[0].id }, success: update_item() }) }) }) function update_item() { $('#radio2').load( "{% url 'radio2' %}" ); } View @csrf_exempt def radio_test(request): return render(request, 'blogapp/radio2.html') radio2.html <div class="radiodiv"> This is Radio2 </div> -
ConnectionResetError: [Errno 54] Connection reset by peer Django channels
System check identified no issues (0 silenced). September 28, 2020 - 12:29:32 Django version 3.0.8, using settings 'playg.settings' Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/ Quit the server with CONTROL-C. path AnonymousUser [28/Sep/2020 12:43:30] "GET /chat/aman/aman_indresh/ HTTP/1.1" 200 1920 path AnonymousUser Not Found: /ws/chat/aman_indresh/ [28/Sep/2020 12:43:30] "GET /ws/chat/aman_indresh/ HTTP/1.1" 404 2211 Exception happened during processing of request from ('127.0.0.1', 54816) Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.8/3.8.5/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/socketserver.py", line 650, in process_request_thread self.finish_request(request, client_address) File "/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.8/3.8.5/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/socketserver.py", line 360, in finish_request self.RequestHandlerClass(request, client_address, self) File "/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.8/3.8.5/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/socketserver.py", line 720, in init self.handle() File "/Users/indresh/Documents/Projects/tiktok/server/env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/core/servers/basehttp.py", line 174, in handle self.handle_one_request() File "/Users/indresh/Documents/Projects/tiktok/server/env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django/core/servers/basehttp.py", line 182, in handle_one_request self.raw_requestline = self.rfile.readline(65537) File "/usr/local/Cellar/python@3.8/3.8.5/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/socket.py", line 669, in readinto return self._sock.recv_into(b) ConnectionResetError: [Errno 54] Connection reset by peer Consumers.py import json from asgiref.sync import async_to_sync from channels.generic.websocket import WebsocketConsumer class ChatConsumer(WebsocketConsumer): def connect(self): # print(self.channel_layer) self.room_name = self.scope['url_route']['kwargs']['room_name'] self.room_group_name = 'chat_%s' % self.room_name # Join room group async_to_sync(self.channel_layer.group_add)( self.room_group_name, self.channel_name ) self.accept() def disconnect(self, close_code): # Leave room group async_to_sync(self.channel_layer.group_discard)( self.room_group_name, self.channel_name ) # Receive message from WebSocket def receive(self, text_data): text_data_json = json.loads(text_data) message = text_data_json['message'] sender_name = text_data_json['sender_name'] # Send message to room group async_to_sync(self.channel_layer.group_send)( self.room_group_name, { 'type': 'chat_message', 'message': message, 'sender_name': sender_name } ) # Receive message … -
Signal disconnect not working with multiple dectorators
Here's my setup: class MyModel(models.Model): pass @receiver(post_save, sender=MyModel) @receiver(post_delete, sender=MyModel) def process_stuff(sender, instance, **kwargs): # to some magic pass When I want to disconnect the signal like this: from django.db.models import signals signals.post_save.disconnect( receiver=process_stuff, sender=MyModel, ) ... it does not work. If I comment out the second decorator with post_delete, it works. Any ideas how I could fix this? Thanks! -
How to sum forloop values within Django template?
I have a Django template foorlopp like this: {% load mathfilters %} {% with summ=0 %} {% for p10 in lines %} {{ summ | addition:p10 }} {% endfor %} {% endwith %} summ is zero at the end. How to summ all p10 values here? -
Trailing slash in the URL for robots.txt
I'm developing a website using Django, and Django really likes its trailing slashes so it's easier to give in than to go against it. I planning to also serve the robots.txt file via Django, so I'm wondering: Would it matter for search bots if robots.txt file was located at example.com/robots.txt/ and example.com/robots.txt would redirect to the URL with the trailing slash? Or does this make no difference at all? -
Add fields to Elasticsearch index
I'm using django-elasticsearch-dsl to build the elasticsearch index and I want to dynamically add fields (to the created index cars) that don't exist in MySQL schema I was based on this example and added Website to illustrate what I want to achieve Manufacturer ----< Car ----< Ad ----< Website ----<: One to many relationships In this case, I can easily add manufacturer and ads NestedField/ObjectField to cars index because they are directly linked to Car table Is there a way to add website object to the cars index, other than linking it directly to Car table? When I tried to rebuild the index (python manage.py search_index --rebuild -f) I get the following error django_elasticsearch_dsl.exceptions.VariableLookupError: Failed lookup for key [website] in <Car: Car object (1)> $ python manage.py search_index --rebuild -f Deleting index '<elasticsearch_dsl.index.Index object at 0x10baeb3a0>' Creating index '<elasticsearch_dsl.index.Index object at 0x10baeb3a0>' Indexing 1 'Car' objects Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/user/git/django_es_dsl/dedsl_env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django_elasticsearch_dsl/fields.py", line 52, in get_value_from_instance instance = instance[attr] TypeError: 'Car' object is not subscriptable During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Users/user/git/django_es_dsl/dedsl_env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/django_elasticsearch_dsl/fields.py", line 58, in get_value_from_instance instance = getattr(instance, attr) AttributeError: 'Car' object has no attribute 'website' During handling of … -
Value too long for type character varying(3) Django Models
I can't seem to find out what is happening, the values for paymenttype are 3 characters long, so if anybody could tell me whats the problem with this model I'd be grateful. class PaymentType(models.Model): INSCRIPTION = 'INS' CROSSSFIT = 'CRF' FUNCTIONAL = 'FUN' KICKBOXING = 'KBX' ALL_ACCESS = 'ALL' UNSPECIFIED = 'UNS' PAYMENT_CHOICES = ( (INSCRIPTION, 'Inscription'), (CROSSSFIT, 'Crossfit'), (FUNCTIONAL, 'Functional'), (KICKBOXING, 'Kickboxing'), (ALL_ACCESS, 'All access'), (UNSPECIFIED, 'Unspecified'), ) payment_code = models.CharField(max_length=3, choices=PAYMENT_CHOICES, default=UNSPECIFIED) amount = models.FloatField() class Payment(models.Model): payment_type = models.ForeignKey(PaymentType, on_delete=models.SET("UNS")) date = models.DateField(default=timezone.now) reference = models.IntegerField() athlete = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE) def __str__(self): return self.payment_type def get_absolute_url(self): return reverse('payment-detail', kwargs={'pk': self.pk}) -
Saving images names into the database - Django
I have the folllowing class model in my Django website: class Buy(models.Model): category = models.ForeignKey(Category, related_name='sell', on_delete=models.CASCADE) title = models.CharField(max_length=100) image = models.FileField() image2 = models.FileField(blank=True) description = models.CharField(max_length=300) date = models.DateField(default=timezone.now) buy_price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=6, decimal_places=2) sell_price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=6, decimal_places=2) seller = models.ForeignKey(Seller, on_delete=models.PROTECT) showcase = models.BooleanField(default=False) As you can see, I store photos files with 2 fields: image and image2. But now my client requested me to add more photos. My doubt is: Should I continue adding new fields to this class, for example, image3, image4, image5 and so on? The problem I see: not every records will have so many photos and the most of them will become "empty". Should I only upload the new photos without saving their names into the database? In this way, the new photos should follow some name related to the image class field. I mean, unique_photo_1.jpg goes inside the image field, unique_photo_2.jpg is not saved into the database but is related to this field, as well as the unique_photo_3.jpg. What is the best practice? Thank you! -
Django - The label doesn't change its name
I am trying to change my label in forms. But despite trying, I can't get a label change for consumer field. I also don't see a typo made by me. models.py class Offer(models.Model): owner = models.ForeignKey(CustomUser, on_delete=models.CASCADE) customer = models.ForeignKey(Customer, on_delete=models.CASCADE, verbose_name='Klient') seller = models.ForeignKey(Seller, on_delete=models.CASCADE, verbose_name='Sprzedawca') vat = models.ForeignKey(Vat, on_delete=models.CASCADE, verbose_name='Stawka VAT') annual_usage_kw = models.DecimalField(max_digits=8, decimal_places=2, blank=True, null=True, verbose_name='Roczne zużycie KW') monthly_usage_kwh = models.DecimalField(max_digits=8, decimal_places=2, blank=True, null=True, verbose_name='Miesięczne zużycie KWH') monthly_usage_zl = models.DecimalField(max_digits=8, decimal_places=2, blank=True, null=True, verbose_name='Miesieczne zużycie PLN') excepted_power = models.DecimalField(max_digits=8, decimal_places=2, blank=True, null=True, verbose_name='Oczekiwana moc KW') roof_orientation = models.ForeignKey(RoofConstruction, on_delete=models.CASCADE, verbose_name='Konstrukcja dachu') price_per_kw = models.ForeignKey(PricePerKw, on_delete=models.CASCADE, verbose_name='Cena za KW') product = models.ManyToManyField(Product, verbose_name='Produkt') inverter = models.ManyToManyField(Inverter, blank=True, verbose_name='Inverter') number_of_product = models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True, verbose_name='Liczba produktów (opcjonalnie)') employer_margin_price = models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True, verbose_name='Marża cenowa pracownika') accessories = models.ManyToManyField(Accesorie, blank=True, verbose_name='Akcesoria') forms.py class OfferParametersForm(forms.ModelForm): class Meta: model = Offer fields = ('customer', 'vat', 'annual_usage_kw', 'monthly_usage_kwh', 'monthly_usage_zl', 'excepted_power', 'roof_orientation', 'price_per_kw') labels = {'customer': 'Klient', 'vat': 'VAT', 'annual_usage_kw': 'Roczne zużycie KW', 'monthly_usage_kwh': 'Miesięczne zużycie KWH', 'monthly_usage_zl': 'Miesieczne zużycie PLN', 'excepted_power': 'Oczekiwana moc KW', 'roof_orientation': 'Konstrukcja dachu', 'price_per_kw': 'Cena za KW', } I use my form as method {{ form.as_p }}. I guess I might be making some stupid mistakes. But I don't see … -
Django Autocomplete with jQuery UI | AJAX | Search | Filter from Database
By using database categories. I am trying to make an input field to be autocomplete in postad form. I have written this code and while execuiting i am facing the issue. The error which i got i have pasted below. So i want to make my field to autocomplete, views.py def autocomplete(request): if 'term' in request.GET: qs = vk_categories.objects.filter(cat_name__icontains=request.GET.get('term')) titles = list() for product in qs: titles.append(product.cat_name) # titles = [product.title for product in qs] return JsonResponse(titles, safe=False) return render(request, 'postad.html') postad.html <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.12.4.js"></script> <script src="https://code.jquery.com/ui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.js"></script> <script> $(function () { $("#product").autocomplete({ console.log("some"); source: '{% url 'autocomplete' %}', minLength: 2 }); }); </script> *html* <form class="valid_form" action="" method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data"> {% csrf_token %} <div class="container5 postadd"> <h1>Post Ad</h1> <p> <input type="text" placeholder="Title" name="title" maxlength="60"> </p> <p><textarea type="text" placeholder="Write your description.." maxlength="600" name="description"> </textarea></p> <input type="text" name="type" id="Categories" placeholder="Search for your categories"> <p><input type="number" placeholder="Price" name="price" min="0.00" max="100000000000.00" step="0.01"/> <p class="select_p"> <input name="state" placeholder="State" type="text"> <input type="text" placeholder="Zip Code" name="zip"> </p> <p><input type="file" class="myfile" name="image"> <input type="file" class="myfile" name="image1"></p <p><input type="file" class="myfile" name="image2"> <input type="file" class="myfile" name="image3"></p> <input type="submit" value="Submit"></div></form> see below i attached a error what i getting in console [enter image description here][1] [1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/GY8cW.png -
NuxtJs asyncData get data based on $route
I've been using NuxtJs for a short time and I'm learning how to use the asyncData method. In my project I would like to load data according to the url. Show my code : async asyncData({ $axios, params }) { try { newFolder = false let folder = {} if (params === '/new/folder') { newFolder = true } else { folder = await $axios.$get(`/folder/${params.id}/`) } return { folder, newFolder, } } catch (e) { return { folder: {}, newFolder: false, } } }, As you can see I would like folder to be an empty object if the url is === /new/folder, on the other hand, I would like in other cases to recover the data on my api. But with this code, whatever the url, axios tries to get the api. -
Connect logged user with model
I'm working on small project with Django framework. And as I can implement usage of authentication mechanism, that I can find a solution how to use information about logged user with model I define. In example. I have model that will store information about QSL cards, and I want to have option that depends on which user is logged, his/her QSL cars will be shown from database. I search here and in docs.djangoproject.com but without success. Thanks in advance for any tips or links. -
Django admin list_filter lookup options - ordering issue
I have recently updated an old project from Django 1.11 to 2.2 LTS. I have noticed that the list_filter filters for foreign keys do not longer have an alphabetical order for their lookup names (as it used to). If I create a custom filter, the ordering of the results is correct. list_filter = ( 'modela__modelb' ) What am I missing? -
How can I keep defined data out of the field in django rest framework?
I'm trying to mark the number of comments on some post on the api. First of all, by defining the commentserializer, received the comments after, it declared comments in the defined later, its commentserializer there counting the number of comment_cnt. By the way, if you do this, the comments will be in the fields. Is there a way to remove comments from fields or is there a better way to display the number of comments? Here is my codes. Thanks in advanced models.py class Post (models.Model): author = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, on_delete=models.CASCADE, related_name='author', null=True) title = models.CharField(max_length=40, null=True) text = models.TextField(max_length=300, null=True) tag = models.CharField(max_length=511, null=True) view = models.IntegerField(default=0) liker = models.ManyToManyField(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, related_name='liker', blank=True) comments_cnt = models.IntegerField(default=0) created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) def __str__ (self) : return self.title class Image (models.Model) : post = models.ForeignKey(Post, on_delete=models.CASCADE) image = models.ImageField(null=True, blank=True) class Comment (models.Model) : author = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, on_delete=models.CASCADE, null=True) post = models.ForeignKey(Post, on_delete=models.CASCADE) text = models.TextField(max_length=200) created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) serializers.py class AuthorSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer): profile = serializers.ImageField(use_url=True) class Meta: model = User fields = ['username', 'email', 'profile'] class ImageSerializer (serializers.ModelSerializer) : image = serializers.ImageField(use_url=True) class Meta : model = Image fields = ['image'] class CommentSerializer (serializers.ModelSerializer) : author = AuthorSerializer(read_only=True) text = serializers.CharField(allow_null=True) class Meta: model …
