Django community: RSS
This page, updated regularly, aggregates Django Q&A from the Django community.
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Angular variable inside Django url
I'm using django with angular, so I need to pass slug which is angular variable inside in django url. urls.py url(r'^clinics/(?P<slug>[-\w]+)/$',clinicDetail,name="clinic-detail") in template <a href='{% url "clinic-detail" slug=ANGULAR_VARIABLE %}'>Read More</a> I receive ANGULAR_VARIABLE as {% verbatim %}{{ clinic.slug }}{% endverbatim %} I saw {$ $} tag, but couldnt manage to apply -
How to update parameter of all objects in a model - Django
I want to update a parameter in a Django model for all objects in the DB. The values will be different for each object, and I'm trying to work out whether I can do this as a batch update, or whether I have to iterate through each item and save each one separately. The model I'm using is an extension of the Django auth user model: from django.contrib.auth.models import User from django.db import models class Profile(models.Model): user = models.OneToOneField(User) position = models.PositiveIntegerField(null=False, default=0) If I get all objects as follows: queryset = User.objects.all() then loop through these and update position: for user in queryset: user.position = #SOME FUNCTION do I have to do user.save() within the for loop? Or can I update each item and then save all at once to the DB? -
Clear selection from django-autocomplete-light widget in a formset
I have a page which has two Django formsets which can both be added to dynmaically, so they can be of any length. Each formset has two fields, both of which are django-autocomplete-light widgets. I want to make it so that the autocomplete lists that are rendered by the widget are mutually exclusive. After reading the django-autocomplete-light docs I want to try something like this. However, I'm not sure if it is possible if I want to do it between autocompletes rather than a field input and an autocomplete (as suggested in the docs), and the autocompletes will not have the same prefix, as it will be the next form in the formset, rather than two fields in the same form. Previously I was trying to directly access the list when it is rendered: $(document).on('click', '.select2-container.select2-container--default.select2-container--open', function () { let text = $('.select2-results__option--highlighted').text(); $('.select2-results__option').each(function () { if ($(this).attr('class') !== 'select2-results__option select2-results__option--highlighted' && $(this).text() === text) { $(this).remove(); } }); }); However, there are two points to note here: 1). This doesn't work. I think because the autocomplete fields are rendering the list fresh every time, so any changes are not reflected, 2). I want to change the way I am … -
Update Django object field without refresh the page
How can I call a view function that change object field without refresh the page? views.py def add_like(request, pk): book = Book.objects.get(pk=pk) book.like = True book.save() return redirect('book_list') urls.py url(r'^add_like/(?P<pk>[0-9]+)/$', views.add_like, name='add_like'), list.html [...] <td><a href="{% url 'add_like' pk=book.pk %}" class="btn btn-default"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-heart" style="color: grey;"></span></a></td> [...] Once user click the button, I want to change like status and the tag content to: <td><a href="{% url 'remove_like' pk=book.pk %}" class="btn btn-default"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-heart" style="color: red;"></span></a></td> I know Ajax can be the answer, but I don't know how to implement it. Thanks. -
Bell Curve with django is not working
I am trying to create bell curve using django and highcharts but its not looking like i expected, Here is the image what exactly i want currently I'm working on this var data = [ 2.7, 2.7, 3, 3.4, 3.1, 2.3, 3, 2.5, 2.6, 3, 2.6, 2.3, 2.7, 3, 2.9, 2.9, 2.5, 2.8, 3.3, 2.7, 3, 2.9, 3, 3, 2.5, 2.9, 2.5, 3.6, 3.2, 2.7, 3, 2.5, 2.8, 3.2, 3, 3.8, 2.6, 2.2, 3.2, 2.8, 2.8, 2.7, 3.3, 3.2, 2.8, 3, 2.8, 3, 2.8, 3.8, 2.8, 2.8, 2.6, 3, 3.4, 3.1, 3, 3.1, 3.1, 3.1, 2.7, 3.2, 3.3, 3, 2.5, 3, 3.4, 3]; Highcharts.chart('container', { title: { text: 'Bell curve' }, xAxis: [{ title: { text: 'Data' } }, { title: { text: 'Bell curve' }, opposite: true }], yAxis: [{ title: { text: 'Data' } }, { title: { text: 'Bell curve' }, opposite: true }], series: [{ name: 'Bell curve', type: 'bellcurve', xAxis: 1, yAxis: 1, baseSeries: 1, zIndex: -1 }, { name: 'Data', type: 'scatter', data: data, marker: { radius: 1.5 } }] }); Click here to see -
Django Staticfiles used with Reportlab
I have a situation where I have a view that is creating a pdf using reportlab. I have to register a font file and I can do so with the following code: pdfmetrics.registerFont(TTFont('Arial', settings.STATIC_ROOT + '/fonts/Arial.ttf')) my static_root is set to : STATIC_ROOT = str(ROOT_DIR('staticfiles')) This will work but it means I have to run ./manage.py collectstatic in development in order for the static file which I understand as incorrect practice but I notice you doing it. As this is an edge case where Im not calling a static file through a url I should just copy the font file manually into the STATIC_ROOT in dev and not run collectstatic. Or should I try grab the file via the static_url? This static file business really bakes my noodle :( -
In Django can I use get absolute url with if statements to refer to other apps?
Can I use get_absolute_url with if statements to refer to other apps? Another django newbie question: My django project has a customer model that I'd like to share across multiple products that are each contained in an app (e.g. mobile, fixed). Currently, I have this customer model within the mobile app: # mobile/models.py class Client(models.Model): client_code = models.CharField(max_length=6, unique=True, db_index=True,) company_name = models.CharField(max_length=200, blank=False, null=False) slug = models.SlugField(db_index=True, unique=True, max_length=200) def get_absolute_url(self): return reverse('mobile:mobile_list_by_client',args=[self.slug]) The absolute url yields a path e.g.: '127.0.0.1:8000/mobile/AAA001' to customer AAA001. This is the mobile product model in the mobile app: # mobile.models.py class MobileLineIdentifiers(models.Model): client_code_1 = models.ForeignKey(Client, related_name = 'client_mobile' ) mtn = models.CharField(max_length=11, blank=False, null=False, db_index=True) slug = models.SlugField(max_length=200, db_index=True, unique=True) def get_absolute_url(self): return reverse('mobile:mtn_detail', args=[self.id, self.slug]) I have Client as foriegn key in the fixed app: # fixed/models.py from mobile.models import Client class FixedLineIdentifiers(models.Model): client_code_3 = models.ForeignKey(Client, related_name = 'client_fixed' ) fixed_cli = models.CharField(max_length=11, blank=False, null=False, db_index=True) def get_absolute_url(self): return reverse('fixed:fixed_detail', args=[self.id, self.slug]) Can I simply re-use the mobile client model across apps using 'if' statements within the get_absolute_url function? What I'd like to achive: # mobile/models.py class Client(models.Model): #.... def get_absolute_url(self): # IF mobile: return reverse('mobile:mobile_list_by_client',args=[self.slug]) # IF fixed: return reverse('fixed:fixed_list_by_client',args=[self.slug]) I'm … -
How can I do some stuff after the save data to database immediately?
I have a WorkOrderCreateAPIView and WorkOrderCreateSerializer: # views class WorkOrderCreateAPIView(CreateAPIView): serializer_class = WorkOrderCreateSerializer permission_classes = [] queryset = WorkOrder.objects.all() # serializers class WorkOrderCreateSerializer(ModelSerializer): """ Create the work order """ class Meta: model = WorkOrder exclude = ("workorder_num","to_group","user", "workorder_status") def create(self, validated_data): user = getUserFormSerializer(self) to_group = Group.objects.filter(name=ADMIN_GROUP_CHOICES.售后组).first() return WorkOrder.objects.create( user=user, workorder_num = generateWorkorderNum(userid=user.id), to_group=to_group, workorder_status = WORKORDER_STATUS_CHOICES.已提交, **validated_data, ) I can access the WorkOrderCreateAPIView to create work order, but, I want to do some stuff after save the WorkOrder instance immediately. You see, in the create(self, validated_data) method, the last line is return WorkOrder.objects.create(xxx), it is not save data, so, how can I know when serializer or view save data? and after save data to database, I want to do some other things immediately, such as send email. -
Web development framework and technologies
I learned HTML and CSS but still I am new to web development. Anybody please tell me what a framework is? I don't know why developers use frameworks like ruby on rails, django, flask for developing websites and what are the advantages of using these frameworks. -
DecimalField won't accept a float
I have a model: Model(models.Model) price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=10, decimal_places=2) and I have a string: new_price = "39.99" When I try the following: model_instance.price = float(new_price) model_instance.save() I get django.core.exceptions.ValidationError: {'price': ['Ensure that there are no more than 10 digits in total.']} Why? -
Django QuerySet TypeError
we are getting the weirdest error ever. Our whole dev team was on this for the past two days and we cannot get over it. We have our DRF serializer with a following function: def get_custom_fields(self, obj): custom_fields = obj.company.ticketcustomfieldtype_set.all() return [{ 'id': field.id, 'name': str(field.name), 'type': field.type, 'value': obj.custom_fields[str(field.id)] if str(field.id) in obj.custom_fields else None } for field in custom_fields] custom_fields there is a regular Django QuerySet Now the weird thing: On localhost, this works just fine. On remote, it works fine only when the QuerySet is empty. If there is something in it, we get the following error: TypeError: string indices must be integers It appears that the custom_fields is now a string. We have no idea why, because on local it works just fine... Django 1.11.5 DRF 3.6.4 Python 3.4.3 Postgres 9.6.5 Any help much appreciated, getting desperate :( -
Python - Django - TypeError: coercing to Unicode: need string or buffer, long found
I'm currently working on a django application and I'm stuck with these error : TypeError: coercing to Unicode: need string or buffer, long found Here is my code : class eleve(models.Model): ideleve = models.IntegerField(db_column='idEleve',primary_key=True) cp = models.IntegerField(blank=True, null=True) ville = models.CharField(max_length=45, blank=True, null=True) pays = models.CharField(max_length=45, blank=True, null=True) annee = models.CharField(max_length=4, blank=True, null=True) specialite = models.CharField(max_length=45, blank=True, null=True) def __unicode__(self): return unicode(self.ideleve) class Meta: db_table = 'statistique_eleve' Traceback : >>> eleve.objects.all() Traceback (most recent call last): File "<console>", line 1, in <module> File "/home/eisti/.local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py", line 229, in __repr__ return '<%s %r>' % (self.__class__.__name__, data) File "/home/eisti/.local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/base.py", line 590, in __repr__ u = six.text_type(self) TypeError: coercing to Unicode: need string or buffer, long found -
PhantomJS webdriver error code -11 when I use uWSGI http request to launch phantomJS to grab web data
Traceback (most recent call last): File "tb_list_spider.py", line 42, in parse_tblist driver = webdriver.PhantomJS(desired_capabilities=desired_capabilities) File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/phantomjs/webdriver.py", line 52, in __init__ self.service.start() File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py", line 96, in start self.assert_process_still_running() File "/usr/local/lib/python3.6/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py", line 109, in assert_process_still_running % (self.path, return_code) selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException: Message: Service phantomjs unexpectedly exited. Status code was: -11 Message: Service phantomjs unexpectedly exited. Status code was: -11 Above is the traceback info. When I use command line way to run my code is fine, but it is not work when I use browser http request to trigger the phantomJS by uWSGI interface. the error code is -11,but I dont know where to find the meanning of -11. who knows the error code meaning please told me,thanks very much. the enviroment:centos7 + python3.6.2 + phantomJS-2.1.1 + uWSGI-2.0.15 +Django-1.11.7 -
django reusing form template to display data?
So I have about a dozen forms for user input like this that I've created over some time now (Had to manually do because the forms have to look a certain way). Example: <div class=""> <h4 class="row">Provide data for Installation Report</h4> <form action="" method="POST"> {% csrf_token %} <div> <p class="row">Onsite Installation (Completed by Installer)<br> Installer must complete one “Service Provider” Section for each unit installed</p> <div class="row z-depth-2 input-grouping"> <div class="col s12 m12 l6 "> <input class="datepicker" id="id_installationDate" name="installationDate" type="text" required /> <label for="id_installationDate">Date of Installation</label> </div> <div class="col s12 m12 l6 "> <input id="id_deliveryOrder" maxlength="255" name="deliveryOrder" type="text" /> <label for="id_deliveryOrder">Delivery Order</label> </div> </div> <div class="row z-depth-2 input-grouping"> <div class="col s12 m12 l6 "> <input id="id_unitSerialNumber" maxlength="255" name="unitSerialNumber" type="text" required /> <label for="id_unitSerialNumber">Unit Serial Number</label> </div> <div class="col s12 m12 l6"> <input id="id_unitHours" name="unitHours" step="0.01" type="number" required /> <label for="id_unitHours">Unit Hours</label> </div> </div> And so on ... This form for example, saves data to InstallationReport model. Now I need to display an InstallationReport object somewhere. It'd be great if I don't have to copy-paste the html in the form above (and then bind data). Instead, if I can just use the form itself to show the object, it'd be easier … -
Django upload data into memory
Is it possible in Django to load data into the Memory, process it and return it to the User? Example: User uploads image -> Python Script process it (e.g. make it s/w) -> User sees processed Image on same Webpage (Other Examples would be all these "convert-online" sites like pdf2doc.com) Is it a bad idea to load it into the Memory? Would a Queue and saving it on a CDN be a better solution? I'm trying to understand the possibilities of handling files from the User, which don't need to be safed. I appreciate any further ideas/considerations. -
Show product detail in the modal
The usecase of my app is to show a list of furnitures in the homepage. There is quick preview button in all those furnitures which when clicked should show its detail information. I tried to use ajax for that. If i click on the furniture quick preview button, I get the clicked furniture slug from which I do the query and get that furniture detail information. Upto this, its working and also the modal is shown but could not show the content. How can i now show the content in the modal-body? Here is what I have tried def ajax_furniture_detail(request): furniture_slug = request.GET.get('slug', None) qs = Furniture.objects.get(slug=furniture_slug) cart_obj, new_obj = Cart.objects.new_or_get(request) context = { 'furniture': model_to_dict(qs), 'cart': model_to_dict(cart_obj), 'status': 'ok' } return JsonResponse(context) {% block content %} {% include 'furnitures/furnitures_home.html'%} {% endblock content %} {% block js %} {{ block.super }} <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $('.quick-view-button').click(function() { var _this = $(this); var slug = _this.attr("data-slug"); $.ajax({ url: '/ajax/furniture', type: "get", data: {'slug': slug}, success: function(data) { $('#product-quick-view-modal').modal('show'); $('#product-quick-view-modal').find('.modal-body').html(data.html); }, error: function(err) { console.log('error', err); } }) }) }); </script> {% endblock js %} furnitures_home.html {% load static %} <div class="furnitures" id="content"> {% for furniture in furnitures %} {% if forloop.first %}<div class="row … -
Django project doesn't work on digital server
I can't resolve this error, if i run it with "python3 manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000" it run on my_site_ip :8000 :/home/django/django_project# sudo tail -F /var/log/nginx/error.log 2017/11/30 08:58:31 [error] 2147#2147: *116 connect() to unix:/home/django/gunicorn.socket failed (111: Connection refused) while connecting to upstream, client: 46.254.153.21, server: _, request: "GET / HTTP/1.1", upstream: "http://unix:/home/django/gunicorn.socket:/", host: "45.55.171.120" 2017/11/30 09:30:14 [alert] 2147#2147: *131 open socket #11 left in connection 6 2017/11/30 09:30:14 [alert] 2147#2147: aborting This is the directory /home/django/django_project# ls -l total 832 drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Nov 30 09:00 app -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 745472 Nov 29 23:20 db.sqlite3 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 40520 Nov 29 23:20 listautenti.xlsx -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 817 Nov 29 23:20 manage.py -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 44652 Nov 29 23:20 pass.txt -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 302 Nov 29 23:20 pw.py drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 30 08:36 SettimanaFlessibile -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 30 09:17 SettimanaFlessibliele.sock drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 29 23:20 tabelle -
Trigger view function with bootstrap button
I don't really get how to make a button click trigger my view function... I already googled, but nothing really helps me understand... In my html, I have: <a class="btn btn-large btn-info" href="{% url "device-detail" device.pk %}" name = 'rotateleft'>Rotate Left</a> And in my views.py: class DeviceDetail(DetailView): .... def rotate_left(request, self): if request.GET.get('rotateleft') == 'rotateleft': print 'TEST!!!!' self.image.open() self.image.rotate(-90) self.image.save() If I click the button, the page seems to be reloaded as planned, but as 'TEST' is not printed (and the image is not rotated, but it might be that the code that is supposed to rotate it doesn't work yet, I wanted to call the function to see if it works), I'm guessing that this function is never called. I am relatively new to Django and very new to the web interface side of Django, so help would be really appreciated! -
Why is variable name important in multiwidget template?
In my form i have a Multiwidget with 3 Textinputs. I want to customize html output so in 1.11 i have to use new template api. Clear so far. My custom multiwidget template(99% copy/paste from docs) looks like this: <div class="row"> {% for widget in widget.subwidgets %} <label class="col-md-2">Label</label> <div class="col-md-2"> {% include widget.template_name %} </div> {% endfor %} </div> But i don't like using the same variable name 'widget' for multiwidget and subwidget. So i replace {% for widget in widget.subwidgets %} {% include widget.template_name %} with {% for subwidget in widget.subwidgets %} {% include subwidget.template_name %} But it doesn't work. I get the same text input 3 times and this input has id, name and value from multiwidget, not from subwidgets(id without "_0", compressed value) Is it a bug or my misunderstanding? -
Terminal Command: Regarding the creation of a Django project [duplicate]
This question already has an answer here: What is double dot(..) and single dot(.) in Linux? 4 answers I cannot for the life me figure out where /usr/local/bin/ and various directories as such are to be found on MacOS (I know how to search for them in Finder). More to the point: django-admin startproject mysite will not produce a project in the mysite directory, however, if I add a period (.) as instructed in a previous book I've read; it works. Why is this? vs. django-admin startproject mysite . for clarification. -
How can I send email to multi addresses by smtplib?
I use bellow code I can send email to one account, but how can I send to multi account? import smtplib from email.mime.text import MIMEText _user = "67676767@qq.com" # _pwd = "orjxywulscbxsdwbaii" # _to = linux213@126.com" # msg = MIMEText("content") # msg["Subject"] = "邮件主题测试" # msg["From"] = _user msg["To"] = _to try: s = smtplib.SMTP_SSL("smtp.qq.com", 465) s.login(_user, _pwd) s.sendmail(_user, _to, msg.as_string()) s.quit() print ("Success!") except smtplib.SMTPException as e: print ("Falied,%s" % e) -
Can't restore a db from scratch on an existing Django project
I've got an existing Django 1.10 application and I want to create a new db locally from scratch. Following these steps $ createdb -h localhost -p 5432 -U me -w my_db # OK $ ./manage.py migrate I'm getting an exception Traceback (most recent call last): File "./manage.py", line 10, in <module> execute_from_command_line(sys.argv) File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 367, in execute_from_command_line utility.execute() File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 341, in execute django.setup() File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/__init__.py", line 27, in setup apps.populate(settings.INSTALLED_APPS) File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/apps/registry.py", line 115, in populate app_config.ready() File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/contrib/admin/apps.py", line 23, in ready self.module.autodiscover() File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/contrib/admin/__init__.py", line 26, in autodiscover autodiscover_modules('admin', register_to=site) File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/utils/module_loading.py", line 50, in autodiscover_modules import_module('%s.%s' % (app_config.name, module_to_search)) File "/usr/lib/python2.7/importlib/__init__.py", line 37, in import_module __import__(name) File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/customauth/admin.py", line 7, in <module> from core.admin import ShopInline File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/core/admin.py", line 242, in <module> admin.site.register(Campaign, CampaignAdmin) File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/contrib/admin/sites.py", line 108, in register admin_obj = admin_class(model, self) File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/core/admin.py", line 104, in __init__ last_task = TaskState.objects.filter(name='core.tasks.compute_metrics', state='SUCCESS').order_by('tstamp').last() File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py", line 565, in last objects = list((self.reverse() if self.ordered else self.order_by('-pk'))[:1]) File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py", line 256, in __iter__ self._fetch_all() File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py", line 1087, in _fetch_all self._result_cache = list(self.iterator()) File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/query.py", line 54, in __iter__ results = compiler.execute_sql() File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/models/sql/compiler.py", line 835, in execute_sql cursor.execute(sql, params) File "/home/me/workspace/myproject-django/venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/django/db/backends/utils.py", line 79, … -
Django's ORM Model.objects.raw() query causes an infinite recursion error
I have the following (simplified) models: class Common(models.Model): id = models.BigAutoField(primary_key=True, editable=False) date_created = models.DateTimeField() user_created = models.CharField(max_length=200, null=True) service_created = models.CharField(max_length=200) def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(Common, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) self._initial_data = {} self.track_fields( 'date_created', 'user_created', 'service_created', ) def track_fields(self, *args): for field_name in args: self._initial_data[field_name] = getattr(self, field_name) class Directory(Common): directory_path = models.TextField() parent_directory = models.ForeignKey('self') Now, I'm trying to query some objects like this (a simplified example, pay no attention to why sql was used in the first place): sql_select_dirs_of_deleted_files = ''' select d.id, directory_path from directory d left join file f on f.parent_directory_id = d.id where f.removed = true and f.id in %s group by d.id, directory_path order by directory_path asc ''' dirs_of_deleted_files = Directory.objects.raw(sql_select_dirs_of_deleted_files, [tuple(file_ids)]) parent_of_top_dir = dirs_of_deleted_files[0].parent_directory Accessing dirs_of_deleted_files[0] causes an infinite recursion error on line self._initial_data[field_name] = getattr(self, field_name) in the Common model. I am aware of the recursion problems in inheritance and using getattr, but using models.Model.__getattribute__(self, field_name) does not seem to make a difference here. However, what DOES work instead is: dirs_of_deleted_files = Directory.objects \ .filter(files__in=file_ids, files__removed=True) \ .distinct('id', 'directory_path') \ .order_by('directory_path') Now, accessing dirs_of_deleted_files[0] does not cause any infinite recursion errors. The Common model is inherited by several other models, and instantiated … -
django shuffle query set and remember the pattern of shuffling
i have a code that displays questions from the database in random order the code that i have used is def platform(request,e,slug): tdetail=get_object_or_404(test_detail,test_id=article) ques=list(sorted(Upload.objects.filter(unique_id=tdetail), key=lambda x: random.random())) return render(request, 'articles/platform.html',{'ques':ques}) the ques variable takes all the questions in a list and then they are accessed at template.....but when the user refreshes the page the questions reshuffle...but i want that the same shuffled questions should be displayed again ........the shuffling of questions should occur only once and then even if user refreshes the page/url he should get the same questions as earlier -
How to Get value in 1 column with different table in Python
id | bill_num | Service ---------+----------------+------------ 1 | 92 | S1 2 | 93 | s4 id | bill_num | Product ---------+----------------+------------ 1 | 92 | p1 2 | 92 | p2 I need this table in python id | bill_num | Service/product ---------+----------------+------------ 1 | 92 | S1 2 | 92 | p1 3 | 92 | p2 4 | 93 | s4
